Compressed air and refrigeration systems are the heart of any manufacturing facility and consume up to 30 percent of a typical plant’s energy. In a typical screw compressor, the starting and stopping cycles can be a significant drain on energy and can wear on the mechanicals producing large fluctuations in pressure. This can have a detrimental effect on production processes and product quality, as well as cycle-time delays.
In some cases, capital, maintenance and energy costs can be reduced by specifying variable speed drive (VSD) options for different fan, pump and compressor applications within the plant. By controlling the speed of a motor, variable frequency drives (VFDs) adjust energy use to need. By varying motor speed to meet the demand, VFDs can practically eliminate the excess energy used when running at a fixed speed.
Using VFDs in compressed air systems can reduce wear on pneumatic tools and equipment, as well as the compressor motors. Optimizing compressed air flows in manufacturing operations can reduce scrap caused by contaminated products or malfunctioning equipment and maintain energy efficiency by not over-treating compressed air.
Image 1. Typical screw compressor (Images courtesy of Mitsubishi Electric Automation)While energy savings can be achieved at all reduced capacities, the best energy savings are realized in applications where the running hours are long, with a high proportion in the mid- to low-capacity range.
Some designs stop the compressor when a lower speed of around 20 percent is reached, while others may unload at 40 to 50 percent, with an unloaded power of 10 to 15 percent. Field conversion of an existing compressor to VSDs must consider the electric motor, the proposed rotor speed at 100 percent capacity, and the reduction of air end efficiency at reduced speeds and capacity.
Energy savings of 30 to 40 percent are feasible in variable speed compressed air systems, since the VFD can run at lower speeds at a constant basis, acting as make up supply when needed, or reducing volume when demand drops. Loads are matched precisely, and the cycling of compressors is minimized as gradual motor starts reduce inrush currents.
Image 2. Typical facilityVFDs can require less energy to start and stop a motor through preset ramp rates than across-the-line starts without a drive. For compressed air or gas systems, this can provide a more reliable and constant supply, precise temperatures, humidity and additional capacity when needed.
Using today’s controls in the drives, or those tied to a controller or system programmable logic controller (PLC), provides accurate and efficient air or gas compression. It is common, even in a retrofit, to monitor real-time external conditions and adjust the drive speed to match demand.
Motor Technology Makes a Difference
Recent advances in motor technologies have improved the efficiencies of VFDs on compressors. The use of synchronous reluctance motors has helped improve low-speed performance, offering constant torque performance and accuracy. These motors are efficient because the current does not flow to the rotor, so there is no secondary copper loss. Magnetic flux is generated by the permanent magnets, so less current is required to drive the motor. The power density of the synchronous reluctance motor is greater than an induction motor, so it produces more power at a smaller size. Synchronous reluctance motors can also continuously deliver high torque at low speed and run cooler with less stress.
Image 3. Ethernet communication diagramBringing IIoT to Compressor Usage
Communication options provide the key to optimizing efficiencies of the overall system, regardless of the application. This improves availability of the machines, quality of the products and processes they support, and maintenance expenses. Today’s drive technologies have embraced the use of Ethernet communications so cascaded drives in a multicompressor system can balance themselves by communicating to each other.
Adding Ethernet communications allows the VFD to communicate to remote monitoring systems for preventive maintenance and performance monitoring. Mobile users can have real-time monitoring and alarms sent directly to their smartphones or remote monitoring stations to mitigate any downtime. Accumulating actual runtime performance data of the compressor system provides the user or OEM the ability to determine failure mode probabilities, typical anomalies to be expected in the systems and predetermined corrective actions. These actions can include service work orders and parts orders when downtime is anticipated. The advancements in industrial internet of things (IIoT) offerings from VFD vendors has enabled compressor OEMs to offer service enhancements and uptime guarantees matched to energy performance and compressor availability.
When looking at VFD options for compressor and/or pump systems, be aware that each generation produces higher efficiencies, integrated PLC functions, improved diagnostics and communications, and improved environmental operating characteristics. Today’s VFDs typically include built-in PLC logic, safety functions, open loop detection, adjustable modes, communication over Ethernet, wireless and mobile operating panels, diagnostics that reflect sensor inputs from outside the drive, and flexible ramp rates and alarm settings to provide maximum adaptability.
Image 4. Torque diagramBuilt-in cascade control and peer-to-peer communications provides critical regulation and coordination without the need for an external controller or PLC. Distributing operating hours across multiple drives and motors is a function of improved cascade control when sized to maintain 100 percent capacity even when a failure occurs. The system design may accommodate capacity at 150 percent in order to provide mechanical cycling to save operating hours between compressors and still allow for a failure or downtime on a component of the system while it maintains 100 percent operating capacity.
Diagnostics also monitor the motor and load for abnormalities such as cavitation, bearing damage, clogged pipes and vibration issues, creating alarms and reacting with either vibration compensation or limiting performance until corrective actions are taken.
It is now commonplace for compressor and pump providers to offer remote monitoring services that tap the knowledge resident in the VFD. From locations miles away, machine and process behavior are monitored and reported. Through remote monitoring and the use of analytics, either through the OEM or the user’s own algorithms, predictive maintenance is used to prevent unwanted downtime and improve overall equipment availability and reliability.
For OEMs deploying remote monitoring services, operating expenses such as spare parts inventories and service schedules can be minimized through accumulation of fleet information on runtime performance and user behaviors.